Thursday, 21 January 2016

DIFERENCIAS ENTRE HOW / AS / LIKE: VARIANTES Y USOS EN RELACIÓN AL "COMO" ESPAÑOL

Una palabra que da lugar a confusión a la hora de querer decirla en inglés es como, y los hispanohablantes suelen elegir al azar entre as y like (e incluso a veces how). En este post veremos cómo decir como en ingles y las diferencias entre as y like. También incluiremos cómo (acentuado) how, para que no quede lugar a duda.

cómo    
how
 (sentido de “el modo en que” / “la manera en que”)
como
as
(sentido de “igual”, “lo mismo”, “tal y como”)
like    
(sentido de “parecido”; para símiles; con verbos de sentimiento)

En primer lugar, si quieres decir cómo (acentuado) en inglés, usa how, por ejemplo:

No sé cómo hacerlo.
I don’t know how to do it.

No entiendo cómo puede ser tan sencillo.
I don’t understand how it can be so simple.

Segundo, si quieres decir como (sin tilde), tienes dos opciones: as o like.

1. As

Se utiliza as cuando se quiere decir que algo o alguien es algo. Tiene sentido de “igual” o “lo mismo”, por ejemplo:

Un amigo mío trabaja como contable. 
(es decir, es contable de verdad)
A friend of mine works as an accountant.
Trabajar como será siempre to work as cuando se refiere al puesto de alguien.

Utilizo una de las habitaciones de mi casa como estudio.
(es decir, ahora es un estudio y no un dormitorio)
I use one of the rooms in my house as a study.

Como se esperaba, el gobierno subió los impuestos.
(es decir, es exactamente lo que se esperaba, tal y como se esperaba)
As expected, the government raised taxes.

También se utiliza as en varias expresiones hechas, por ejemplo:

como  (por ejemplo)     
such as
como si
as if
tanto como
as much as
tantos como
as many as
como siempre
as always

2. Like

Se utiliza like para los símiles, cuando se quiere decir que algo o alguien se parece a o es parecido a algo o a alguien. Por ejemplo:

Judith es como su madre.
(es decir, no es su madre, obviamente, pero se parece a su madre de alguna manera ya sea físicamente, en actitud o en sus peculiaridades)
Judith is like her mother.

John fuma como un carretero.
John smokes like a chimney.
(evidentemente, John no es una chimenea de verdad.)

Como la mayoría de la gente, estoy harto de este frío invierno.
(es decir, de manera parecida a la mayoría de la gente)
Like most people, I’m fed up with this cold winter.

También se utiliza like en varias expresiones hechas, por ejemplo:

así
like this  /  like that
como (por ejemplo)    
like (for example)

Y se utiliza like con los verbos de los sentidos, por ejemplo:

to feel like
sentirse como
to sound like
sonar como
to smell like
oler como
to look like
parecer algo o alguien, apariencia (al ver / mirar)
to taste like
saber a

Ejemplos:

Me siento como un idiota.
I feel like an idiot.

Suena como Los Beatles.
It sounds like The Beatles.

She looks like a Hollywood actress.
Ella parece una actriz de Hollywood (no traducir como se parece a pues ya sería simil)

Diferencia entre such as y like

Para como en el sentido de “por ejemplo” se puede decir tanto such as como like. Pero ¿hay una diferencia entre los dos? Pues sí, aunque sea sútil.

La diferencia es que such as es inclusivo y específico con la ejemplificación de lo que te gusta, mientras que like simplemente indica ejemplos generales relacionados con lo que te gusta.

Me gustan deportes de equipo como el fútbol, el rugby y el básquet.
I like team sports like football, rugby and basketball.
Football, rugby y basketball simplemente son ejemplos de deportes de equipo.

I like team sports such as football, rugby and basketball.
Football, rugby y basketball son ejemplos de deportes de equipo que me gustan.

Otro ejemplo:

Quiero visitar las capitales europeas, como Paris, Roma y Londres.
I want to visit European capital cities like Paris, Rome and London.
París, Roma y Londres simplemente son ejemplos de capitales europeas.

I want to visit European capital cities such as Paris, Rome and London.
París, Roma y Londres son ejemplos de capitales europeas que quiero visitar.

NOW PRACTICE. TRADUCE ESTAS FRASES AL INGLÉS CON EL USO CORRECTO DE COMO

1. ¿Ves cómo lo han hecho?
2. Como estaba diciendo, es importante conseguir nuevos clientes.
3. ¡Deja de comportarte como un niño!
4. Paul trabaja como abogado.
5. Me gusta aprender idiomas extranjeros como el inglés y el francés.

Wednesday, 20 January 2016

A FAMILY TREE: PLAY AND PRACTICE (TWO EXAMPLES)


englishflashgames.blogspot.com
NOW PRACTICE AGAIN:
CREATED BY VALANGLIA

Tuesday, 19 January 2016

SOUNDING AND SPEAKING FRIENDLY (EXTENSION): COMMON EXPRESSIONS AND IDIOMS

INTRODUCTIONS

I’m so pleased to meet you – have you just been introduced to a new person and you want to tell them how nice it is meeting them? Well, this is just the right phrase to use on such an occasion!

I’ve heard so much about you – 
in case the person you’re being introduced to is well known, this is just the right English small talk phrase to tell them during the introduction!

It’s good to have you here! – 
sometimes you may want to make the new person feel welcome at the party or event, so this is what you tell them to make them feel included.

I’d like you to meet someone! – 
this is a typical way of introducing a new person to one or more people.

I am indeed! And you must be… – 
when someone else approaches you and calls you by your name, and you’re pretty sure who that person is, this is the right English small talk phrase to use: “Hello, is it Mark?” – “I am indeed! And you must be James!?”

I’ll leave you two to get acquainted! – 
if you have to leave two people you just introduced to each other, this is the perfect phrase for such a situation.

Please, call me… – 
a few minutes into the conversation with a new person you may want to lighten up the mood by giving the other person a permission to call you by your name or a more friendly version of your name: “And by the way Michael…” – “Please, call me Mike!”

I almost didn’t recognize you! – 
sometimes we get to see people we haven’t seen for a long, long time – and this English small talk phrase is the typical way of expressing your excitement at seeing them again.

Have we met before? – 
in case you really don’t recognize the person saying hello to you, you can use this phrase to ask them if you’ve met before. Yes, it’s a bit awkward, but there’s really no better way of putting it!

It’s good to see you again! –
 this is how you recognize the presence of an old friend or acquaintance when you meet them after a while.

CONVERSATION STARTERS & GREETINGS

How are you getting on? – just another way of saying ‘how are you?’

You doing OK?
 – asked when the person has had some tough experience recently and you want to ask politely if they’re OK.

Hi, …! What’s new?
 – this is a very informal way of greeting a close friend or anyone who you see on a regular basis and you want to ask has anything happened since you last met.

Hi, …! What’s up?
 – the same as above with a difference that you’re probably not that interested in what news the other person might have.

Hi, …! Long time no see
! – used when you haven’t seen the person for a long period of time and you want to state that fact in the greeting.

Hi, …! Have you been keeping busy?
 – just a standard enquiry with little or no direct meaning.

Do you mind me asking…?
 – a typical way of asking something that might be a slightly personal question.

OK, here’s the thing
 … – a very handy way to start making your point if you’re not sure how to begin the sentence.

TYPICAL RESPONSES

Thanks, I’ve been keeping busy – just a standard response to a standard greeting with little or no direct meaning.

Thanks for asking, I’m fine, how are you?
 – a typical response and counter-question to a greeting phrase ‘how are you?’

Hi, how are you doing? It’s good to see you!
 – a typical response to a greeting from someone you haven’t seen for a while.

Can’t complain
 – a response to a standard greeting like ‘How are you?’ It’s not as exciting phrase as ‘Thanks, I’m great!’ but it doesn’t mean you’re having some problems in your life.

Can you say it again, please?
 – a request to repeat the question if you didn’t understand what was said. This can also be used when the native speaking person speaks a bit too fast – they should get the hint and slow down a bit. But if they don’t, you can ask a more direct question:

Can you slow it down a bit, please?

And how about you?
 – a typical response when you’re not sure what to ask next so you’re asking the other person the same think they asked you. You can respond with this counter-greeting on nearly all standard greetings.

To the best of my knowledge …
 – when you’re 99% sure about the statement you’re making. Also a good start of a response you want to take a bit more time to consider what you’re going to say.

As far as I know
 … – the same as above.

Good for you!
 – a response to someone telling you about their success in something or some good news that they’re happy about.

Can’t argue with that
 – used when you agree with the statement of the other person.

How do you know?
 – a counter-question you can ask when someone surprises you with a question about something they’re not really expected to know.

That’s a good one!
 – a surprise response to funny or surprising news from your chat partner.

Really? Tell me more about it! 
– used when you want your chat partner to tell me about what he/she just said.

Frankly speaking, …
 – just a way to start your response. It indicates that you’re about to open up and be very honest with your chat partner. A great way of establishing an immediate trust.

Well, to be honest with you, …
 – the same as above.

No problem
 – a typical response to a small request you’re happy to do. This one is especially used when responding to superiors’ requests and it sounds more enthusiastic than if you simply say ‘sure’ or ‘OK’.

Never mind, it’s fine! 
– this phrase is used when the person offers to do a favour for you but it’s not really necessary.

Never mind, forget what I just said
 – this phrase is to be used when you said something that wasn’t important at all but your chat partner wants you to repeat it. You can also use this phrase if you feel that he/she might be slightly annoyed or offended by your question or comment so you want to end it there.

You got me there
 – this can be said instead of ‘I don’t’ know’ – it will sound more casual and not as defensive as the old ‘I don’t know’!

You’ve got to be kidding me!
 – said when someone tells you something that borders on the unbelievable and you want to express your surprise.

That’s a good question.
 – a phrase used when you want to take your time to think over the question. This is an ideal phrase to use when you’re stuck but instead of remaining silent you can start your response with this phrase.

Well, how to put it in the right words
. – the same as above.

That would be great!
 – a response to an offer that you’re really happy about.

… you know what I mean?
 – this is quite an overused phrase but you can definitely use it at the end of a sentence if you want to emphasize what you just said.

You see, the thing is that …
 – this is how you begin a sentence when you’re asked to explain something.

DEPARTURE PHRASES

I’d better be going – followed by a simple phrase like ‘it’s too late’, or ‘have lots to do’ – and indicator you’d like to walk off and finish the conversation.

I really gotta go
 – this is the least formal way of telling someone that you definitely have to leave now. This is the best way of two friends, for example, finishing a conversation and personally I use this phrase quite often!

OK, I’m sorry but I have to leave now!
 – used when your chat partner has clear intentions of continuing the conversation but you just need to go so you’re making it clear that you need to go.

See you later!
 – used when you know that you’ll be seeing each other again sometime.

See you around!
 – the same as above

See you in a couple of minutes! – 
this phrase is typically used when you’re leaving the other person for a short while during an event, for example.

Keep in touch!
 – a good-bye phrase meaning you want the other person to get in touch with you every now and then and that you’ve the same intentions.

It was nice seeing you, take care!
 – a good-bye phrase used when you know that you won’t see the person for a while.

I
t’s been good talking to you! – the same as above phrase.

Hope to see you again!
 – you can use this phrase when finishing a conversation with someone you’ve just met.

Say hello to …!
 – a short and handy way of saying to remind someone from you.

NOW PRACTICE HERE: 


MOST COMMON IDIOMS TO USE WITHIN SOCIAL ENGLISH ARE:






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RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

relative pronoun
use
example
who
subject or object pronoun for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which
referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands in their kitchen.

relative adverb
meaning
use
example
when
in/on which
refers to a time expression
the day when we met him
where
in/at which
refers to a place
the place where we met him
why
for which
refers to a reason
the reason why we met him

Monday, 18 January 2016

WRITING AN INFORMAL EMAIL: AN EXERCISE

ENCONTRADO EN: learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org

MORE RELATED ONLINE EXERCISES HERE: 

Sunday, 17 January 2016

PREPOSITIONS: PART II

ENCONTRADO EN: www.pinterest.com

HOW WE NAME PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH

ENCONTRADO EN: www.knowledgeunlimited.com

ENCONTRADO EN: www.youtube.com