HOW TO USE MODAL VERBS

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MODAL VERBS IN SONGS: CAN YOU CATCH THE MODALS USED IN THESE SONGS?

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DIFFERENT USES OF AUXILIARY OR HELPING VERBS: TO BE, TO DO, TO HAVE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO AUXILIARY VERBS (ALSO KNOWN AS "HELPING VERBS"):


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OTHER USES OF HELPING VERBS AS PRIMARY AUXILIARIES (TAKING VERB TO DO AS AN EXAMPLE):

Read the following conversation and pay attention to the auxiliary verb “did“:

John: (1)Did you watch last night’s game?

Adam: Yeah! I (2)did. I bet you liked Rooney’s goal, (3)didn’t you?

John: Oh, yes! It was great! But I actually preferred Van Persie’s goal.

Adam:(4)Did you? But overall he (5)didn’t play well, (6)did he?

John: No, not really. But he (7)did score a great goal, right?

Adam:Yeah, I guess so. But so (8)did Rooney, in my opinion.

Now, let’s see the uses of “did” in each case (1 – 8):

(1) Question form: to ask questions: Did you do…?

(2) Short answer: to avoid repeating the main verb: Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

(3) Question tag: asking for clarification or approval, at the end of a statement: didn’t you?

(4) Echo questions: expressing certain surprise at something said by someone else: did you?

(5) Negative form: to negate a verb: didn’t play well.

(6) Question tag: same as (3), but in positive form: did he?

(7) Emphasising auxiliary: to emphasise that something happened or was so: he did score a great goal.

(8) Agreement or similarity: to express agreement or similarity with a previous statement or idea: so did Rooney.

So these 7/8 points summarise the main uses of auxiliary verbs. These very same uses apply to other auxiliaries such as have, am/is/are, was/were, modal verbs, etc.

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A QUICK REMINDER ON MODAL VERBS

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "CAN" AND "BE ABLE TO"

Difference between can and be able to

Both can and be able to can be used to talk about ability. In some cases they are interchangeable.

Using can

Can is used in the present tense. It is used to talk about our ability to do things.

Examples

·         I can swim.

·         She can speak English well.

·         I can swim across that stream.

Be able to is also possible in these cases; however, it sounds a bit more formal here.

·         I am able to knit. (Less natural than ‘I can knit.’)

·         She is able to speak English well.

To talk about our past ability, we use could. Was/were able to is also possible.

Study the examples given below.

·         She could read when she was three. OR She was able to read when she was three.

Again, in spoken English, we are less likely to use was able to.

As you can see in all of these sentences, we were talking about general ability. Things that we can or we could do at any time in the present or in the past.

To talk about things that we managed to do on specific occasions in the past, we cannot use could. Instead, we use was/were able to. The verb managed, succeeded (in…ing) are also possible in this case.

·         I was able to get some really good bargains in the sale. (NOT I could get some really good bargains in the sale.)

·         After climbing for several hours, we managed to get to the top of the mountain. OR After climbing for several hours, we were able to get to the top of the mountain. (NOT … we could get to the top of the mountain.)

Both could and be able to can be used to say that we were not capable of doing something on a specific occasion.

·         In spite of climbing for hours, we couldn’t get to the top of the mountain. OR In spite of climbing for hours, we weren’t able to get to the top of the mountain.

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MODAL / AUXILIARY VERBS IN ENGLISH

A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb or modal auxiliary) is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. Examples include the English verbs can/could, may/might, must, will/would, and shall/should.

We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible (or not). We also use modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permission, making requests and offers, and so on.

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WOULD, SHOULD AND COULD

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WOULD, SHOULD, COULD

Would, should and could are three auxiliary verbs that can be defined as past tenses of will, shall, and can; however, you may learn more from seeing sentences using these auxiliaries than from definitions. Examples of usage follow.

Would

Technically, would is the past tense of will, but it is an auxiliary verb that has many uses, some of which even express the present tense. It can be used in the following ways:

·         To ask questions:

Would you like some coleslaw? = Do you want some coleslaw?
Would you turn in your assignment now? = Please turn in your assignment now.

·         With who, what, when, where, why, how:

How would the neighbors react?
What would you do if I sang out of tune?
In the two sentences above, would means about the same thing as will.

·         To make polite requests:

I would like more coleslaw, please. = I want more coleslaw, please.
I would like you to sit down now. = I want you to sit down now.

·         To show a different response if the past had been different:

I would have helped you if I had known you were stranded.
(I didn't know that you were stranded. This "not knowing" occurred before my not helping you.)

John would've missed the trail if Mary hadn't waited for him at the stream.
(First Mary waited for him. If her response had been to not wait, then next John would have been on the wrong trail.)

·         To tone down strong, controversial statements-not recommended in formal essays:

I would have to say that you're acting a bit immature.
Here would has a similar meaning to do but less emphatic.

·         To explain an outcome to a hypothetical situation:

Should I win a million dollars, I would fix up my house.
Think of should as if, and would as will.

·         To show habitual past action:

Helen would sob whenever John would leave home.
Think of would as did.

·         To show repetitive past action:

For a moment the plane would be airborne, then it would bump back down along the hard earth.
(The plane was in the air and then back on the ground several times.)

·         To show preference between two choices, used with rather or sooner:

I would sooner die than face them. = I prefer death in place of facing them.
I would rather handwrite than type. = I prefer handwriting instead in typing.

However, the second choice may by implied but not stated:

I would rather die.
Implied is that I would rather die than...do whatever it is that the context has provided as an alternative to dying.

·         To show wish or desire:

Those people would allow gambling. = Those people want to allow gambling.
Would it were so. = I wish it were so. (Infrequently used)
We wish that he would go. = We want him to go.

·         To show intention or plan:

She said she would come. = She said she was planning to come.

·         To show choice:

I would put off the test if I could.
This means my choice is to delay taking the test, but I do not have the ability to delay taking it.

·         To express doubt:

The answer would seem to be correct. = The answer is probably correct.

·         To show future likelihoods relative to past action:

He calculated that he would get to the camp around 6 p.m. The men would have dinner ready for him.
The first sentence means he believed his camp arrival time was going to be about 6:00 p.m. The "calculating" (or believing) happened in the past, yet the arrival is going to occur later. The second sentence predicts that, at that future time, dinner will be ready for him.

·         Strange but true: Notice how changing have to had can change the way would works:

Would you had changed your mind. = I wish you had changed your mind.
Would you have changed your mind. = If circumstances had been different, is it possible that you might have changed your mind?

Should
Technically, should is the past tense of shall, but it is an auxiliary verb with a few uses, not all of which are in the past tense, namely, the following:

·         To ask questions:

Should you have erased the disk? = Were you supposed to have erased it?
Should I turn in my assignment now? = Am I supposed to turn in my assignment now?
Here, should means about the same thing as ought.

·         To show obligation:

You should floss and brush your teeth after every meal.
Think of should as supposed to, as in the previous example, but here to make a persuasive statement.

·         To show a possible future event:

If I should find your coat, I will be sure to call you.
Think of should as do; furthermore, should could be left out of the above sentence, leaving, "If I find your coat, I will be sure to call you." Alternately, if could be left out of the sentence: "Should I find your coat, I will be sure to call you."

·         To express a hypothetical situation:

Should you wish to do so, you may have hot tea and biscuits. = If you wish to do so, you may have hot tea and biscuits.

·         To express what is likely:

With an early start, they should be here by noon.
Think of should as ought to or probably will.

·         To politely express a request or direct statement:

I should like to go home now. = I want to go home now.
I should think that a healthy forest program is essential to any presidential victory.= I think that a healthy forest program is essential to any presidential victory.

Could
Technically, could is the past tense of can, but it is an auxiliary verb with a few uses, not all of which are in the past tense, namely the following:

·         As the past tense of can:

In those days, all the people could build houses. = In those days, all the people had the ability to build houses.

·         To ask questions:

Could you have erased the disk? = Is it possible that you erased the disk?
Could I leave now? = May I leave now; am I allowed to leave now?

·         To show possibility:

You could study harder than you do. = You have the potential to study harder than you do.
He knew the sunset could be spectacular. = He knew that the sunset was sometimes spectacular.

·         To express tentativeness or politeness:

I could be wrong. = I may be wrong.
Could you come over here, please? = Please come here.

In conclusion, you could use these three auxiliaries if you would, and you should!

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UNDERSTANDING MODALS OF NECESSITY

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